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“Peace-loving” countries have failed to squeeze out the smartest people from Belarus and Russia, Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko said at the talks with Russian President Vladimir Putin on 17 February, BelTA has learned. “I was pleasantly surprised by what the ambassador told me on the way here. According to him, your companies ordered more than $300 million worth of products from our IT specialists.

The Belarusian authorities want normal relations with the West, but on one condition – no interfering in Belarus' affairs, Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko said as he talked to foreign and Belarusian journalists in Minsk on 16 February, BelTA has learned. American journalists asked the president how he feels about the fact that the Belarusian government system is called a dictatorship, and he himself is called a dictator. “The fact that you in the West think that there is a dictatorship here is an advantage for me. Soon you will also want a dictatorship. You have it in fact, but in an unfair, twisted, stupid form. It has always been there… There is complete laxity in the West: there is neither dictatorship, nor democracy there. We in Belarus make decisions and address tasks. Indeed, I have to intervene or take most of the decisions. If you think it's a dictatorship, it is fine with me. I don't think it's a dictatorship. There's no dictatorship here,” the Belarusian president said.

Belarus has begun to supply its goods through Russian ports and will expand this format of cooperation, Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko said as he spoke to foreign and Belarusian journalists in Minsk on 16 February, BelTA has learned. The head of state stressed that Belarus aims to develop economic cooperation with the Far East. «We will process fish in Belarus, as well as all the other riches that are there,» he said.

Lukashenko commented on the potential of promoting Belarusian developments in medicine citing the example of cooperation with Zimbabwe as he talked to Belarusian scientists in Minsk on 9 February, BelTA has learned. Aleksandr Lukashenko said that he discussed the possibilities of cooperation in healthcare with Zimbabwe President Emmerson Mnangagwa as he paid the state visit to that country. Zimbabwe is struggling with high child and maternal mortality. Having good achievements and best practices in this sector, Belarus can provide its assistance.

The actions by the Polish authorities could lead to a transport collapse on both sides of the border, BelTA learned from the State Border Committee of Belarus. Poland cited public safety as a reason for closing the Bobrowniki checkpoint. The Belarusian side believes that the pretext does not correspond to reality as there is no threat from the territory of Belarus.

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Belarus to Russia Dmitry Krutoi spoke about the trade and economic cooperation between Belarus and Russia in 2022 in an interview to STV channel, BelTA has learned. “2022 was a record year in trade with Russia. There were several basic tasks set by the president and the government. The main one was to redirect $6.5 billion worth of trade from the European and Ukrainian markets to Russia.

Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko called for greater unity in the Collective Security Treaty Organization as he met with Secretary General of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Imangali Tasmagambetov on 13 February, BelTA has learned. “Challenges are many. We took the risk to compile the program of our presidency in the organization so that we could try to solve the problems that we have, especially on the borders of CSTO member states. I do not speak of your experience in vain. You have a great memory. You know well both the Caucasus and Central Asia. We have problems there. Let us try to resolve them and, as much as possible, bring the Collective Security Treaty Organization together in these difficult times. You see what is happening on the perimeter,” the Belarusian leader said. Aleksandr Lukashenko stressed that all members of the CSTO should unite and act together, because it is always easier and simpler to act this way. “If someone thinks that the conflict between Ukraine and Russia is not our conflict, that we will sit quietly somewhere – nothing of the kind, it will not be like that. The time will come (it is not far away, literally tomorrow) and it will require us to define ourselves, to take a certain position. I am not saying that this should be done to the detriment of national interests. Despite all the shortcomings in the union we will have to clearly define our policy, our line in order to act together. It is always simpler and easier to act together,” the president said.

Belarus' humanitarian cargo has reached Syria, BelTA learned from the Belarusian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The humanitarian aid includes medicines, basic necessities and clothing. The Emergencies Ministry has provided food, tents, blankets and hygiene products from the state reserve, the Healthcare Ministry enterprises have shipped medicines, medical gloves and bandages, disinfectants. The Belarusian light industry concern Bellegprom has

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Belarus to Russia Dmitry Krutoi spoke about regional cooperation with the Russian Federation and cooperation in import substitution in an interview to STV Channel, BelTA has learned. When asked about regional cooperation, Dmitry Krutoi said that this was the most basic area and there were no limits to growth. “Last year was record-breaking in this regard, too: 208 mutual high-level visits. These were presidential meetings, trips of the prime minister, our officials — we have never had such a high intensity,” he said.

The total economic effect from the state visit of Belarus President Aleksandr Lukashenko to Zimbabwe is estimated at roughly $200 million, BelTA learned from Belarusian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergei Aleinik. Sergei Aleinik said that contracts on shipping about 4,000 Belarusian tractors, agricultural machines, and other vehicles and machines to Zimbabwe were signed as a result of the visit. “We estimate the total economic effect of the visit at approximately $200 million,” the official said.

Belarus and Zimbabwe are moving to a new level of interaction, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Belarus to South Africa and Zimbabwe Aleksandr Sidoruk as he commented on the visit of Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko to Zimbabwe, BelTA has learned. “We have a comprehensive approac

Belarus' Prosecutor General Andrei Shved detailed the decree on the commission for people who want to return to their homeland as he spoke to the media after his meeting with Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko on 6 February, BelTA has learned. According to him, the document describes not only the composition of the commission (two-thirds of it consists of representatives of the public, well-known people) but also defines the conditions and procedure for consideration of applications from Belarusian citizens living abroad. “The document covers the period of possible or committed offenses from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2023. People may apply to the commission by mail or over the internet. The decree

In February, Belarus will hold a traditional event, Big Conversation with the President, during which President Aleksandr Lukashenko will talk live with journalists, bloggers and members of the public, Press Secretary of the Belarusian leader Natalya Eismont said in an interview on 5 February, BelTA has learned. “One more thing that you, journalists, are most interested in is the opportunity to personally talk with the head of state. There are plans to hold the Big Conversation with the President event in February. It will, as usual, have a broad format. We invite our journalists, bloggers, and community

I have signed a decree to set up a commission to work with citizens who wish to return to their homeland, Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko said as he met with Belarus' Prosecutor General Andrei Shved to receive his report on 6 February, BelTA has learned. “Today I have signed a decree, prepared by a group of specialists headed by you, on the consideration of the applications from Belarusian citizens abroad regarding their possible violation of the law. This is exactly the issue we discussed the other day. I also looked at the composition [of the commission] and other things.

CNN, землетрясение магнитудой 7,8 произошло в турецкой провинции Газиантеп на глубине 24,1 км. Это одно из самых сильных землетрясений в регионе за последние 100 лет.Землетрясение ощущалось в нескольких странах региона, включая Сирию и Ливан.«Это апокалипсис, здания падали за секунду», — сообщают очевидцы.Damn, this looks like it comes from some apocalyptic movie...

Just three years ago, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya lived a measured life in one of the sleepier parts of Minsk. But the 2020 Belarusian uprising against the dictatorship brought her to the political fore in an incredible way: she won the presidential election, was forced into emigration, and became the main voice of the Belarusian people. The de facto Belarusian authorities are now trying her in absentia for “treason, preparation of mass riots, seizing buildings, obstructing the work of the Central Election Commission, conspiring to seize state power, leading an extremist formation, inciting social hatred and discord”. In 2021, the B

The budget spending on the China-Belarus Industrial Park Great Stone has already paid off, Head of the Great Stone Park Administration Aleksandr Yaroshenko told the STV channel, BelTA informs. “If we talk about total spending, it has not paid off, because more than $800 million was invested in this project. This is a lot of money.

The Belarus-Zimbabwe business forum opened in Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe, BelTA has learned. The event is taking place in the run-up to the state visit of Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko to Zimbabwe. He is expected to arrive in the afternoon. Aleksandr Lukashenko is to be greeted by President Emmerson Mnangagwa personally.

Over the past 10 years the number of parents with many children in Belarus has doubled. Today there are 121,000 families in the country raising three or more children. Of course, this is not by chance. The government constantly invests in families. While last year more than Br2.5 billion was allocated to support them, this year the figure will be Br3.2 billion. But there are also concrete benefits and guarantees in addition to payments. About 7% of the GDP is spent annually to make Belarusian families feel more secure. In the new episode of BelTA's YouTube project After the Fact: Lukashenko's Decisions we will talk about how the state invests in families, why Belarusian women are having children later in life and how our country remains in the top of the most comfortable countries for mothers.

Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko has approved the decisions on protection of the state border in 2023, BelTA has learned. At the start of the year the head of state traditionally approves the decision on state border protection. This year two decisions will be signed: on state border protection on the ground and in airspace.

A program to guide the development of Belarus' microelectronics industry has been worked out in Belarus, BelTA learned from Chairman of the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Vladimir Gusakov on 24 January. Vladimir Gusakov said: “We started by working out a concept for the development of the microelectronics industry in the country. We used the concept to develop a program. Even faster than Russia, which has yet to develop one.

The situation along the border, refugees and army support were discussed by Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko at the event to approve the decisions on the protection of the state border in 2023, BelTA has learned. Taking part in the meeting were State Secretary of Belarus' Security Council Aleksandr Volfovich, Defense Minister Viktor Khrenin, Chairman of the State Border Committee Anatoly Lappo, Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces — First Deputy Defense Minister Viktor Gulevich. “Although today's event is traditional — at the beginning of every year we take decisions on border protection — yet, the year 2023 is not like any other year, as the situation around Belarus (the military and political situation, and the economic situation as well) is not easy. This is why our today's meeting is special.

The export of Belarusian products to Russia has increased by 1.4 times, Belarusian Deputy Prime Minister Piotr Parkhomchik said in an interview to the ONT TV channel, BelTA has learned. “Export to the Russian Federation went up by 1.4 times, which is a very good result for the Belarusian industry in general. For the first time in history, we have got a positive economic balance in relations with Russia,” said Piotr Parkhomchik.

The bill “On amending the laws on the activities of political parties and other public associations” passed two readings at the meeting of the ninth session of the House of Representatives of the seventh convocation on 25 January, BelTA has learned. The bill was submitted to the House of Representatives by the Council of Ministers. The bill is designed to improve legislation governing social and political relations, as well as to bring legislation into line with the amendments and additions adopted at the constitutional referendum.

Belarus has plans to expand the production of a new cancer vaccine, Deputy Director for Research at the Alexandrov National Cancer Center Sergei Krasny told a BelTA correspondent on the sidelines of the Intellectual Belarus exhibition. “Today we are presenting the Elenagen anti-cancer vaccine at the exhibition. This is a joint development of the Alexandrov National Cancer Center and an American company.

Enterprises affiliated with the Industry Ministry are planning to ramp up the production to Br27 billion in 2023, BelTA learned from the press service of the Industry Ministry of Belarus. In physical terms, enterprises are projected to produce, in particular, 54,000 tractors (of all modifications, including mini-tractos and walk-behind tractors), almost 1,000 dump trucks, 1,700 buses, 850,000 refrigerators/freezers.

The policy in favor of integration with Russia is generating economic dividends for Belarus. Prime Minister of Belarus Roman Golovchenko mentioned it during a government conference hosted by Belarus President Aleksandr Lukashenko to review the fulfillment of integration programs of the Union State of Belarus and Russia, BelTA has learned. Roman Golovchenko is convinced that the previously adopted policy towards integration with Russia and towards the realization of Union State programs had been the right and timely move. Roman Golovchenko reminded that back in the day the programs were discussed and adopted in a slightly different geopolitical environment. “I don't think

There has not been and cannot be any talk of Russia or Belarus giving up their sovereignty, Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko said at the meeting to discuss Belarus-Russia Union State integration programs on 12 January, BelTA has learned. “I warn you that there has been no talk of Russia or Belarus giving up their sovereignty, and there can't be such talk. There is simply no need [for that]. The existing format of cooperation with Russia has not been exhausted yet,” Aleksandr Lukashenko said.

Over 13,500 foreigners have visited Belarus as part of the visa-waiver travel program since 1 January 2023, BelTA learned from the State Border Committee of Belarus. Since 1 January, Belarus has weclomed 9,966 citizens of Lithuania, 1,822 citizens and 462 citizens of Latvia, and 1,329 Polish citizens.

Belarus and Russia are laying a common foundation for technological independence, State Secretary of the Belarus-Russia Union State Dmitry Mezentsev told the ONT TV channel, BelTA informs. “The presidents have set the task to substitute imports in order to create a common foundation for technological independence. This is a good start, and we see that we are making good progress,” Dmitry Mezentsev said. He listed the main areas of cooperation within the framework of the Union State.

The Belarus-Russia tactical flight exercise of the joint military task force began on 16 January, BelTA learned from the Defense Ministry of Belarus. The air force drills are aimed at improving interoperability while conducting combat training missions. The plans include aerial reconnaissance, joint air policing along the state border, air support for the joint military task force, landing of tactical airborne troops, as well as cargo delivery and evacuation of the wounded.

Belarus and Pakistan have agreed to expand cooperation. The agreement is stipulated by the minutes of the sixth session of the Belarus-Pakistan trade and economic cooperation commission. The document was signed by Belarusian Energy Minister Viktor Karankevich and Pakistani Energy Minister Khurram Dastgir, BelTA has learned. Viktor Karankevich said: “The minutes represent a roadmap for stepping up bilateral cooperation.

Belarus President Aleksandr Lukashenko signed a law to amend the law on the citizenship of the Republic of Belarus on 5 January, the president's press service told BelTA. In particular, the amendments elaborate the category of people, who acquire Belarus' citizenship by birth.

In 2022 the volume of Belarusian exports transported by container trains of Belarusian Railways to China increased by 6.5 times, the Belarusian Railways press service told BelTA. Through the year Belarusian Railways organized the departure of 988 container trains carrying Belarusian exports from Belarus to China. According to preliminary data, the

The buildup of the regional military force of Belarus and Russia continues for the sake of ensuring the military security of the Union State of Belarus and Russia, BelTA learned from the Belarusian Defense Ministry. The process is going on stage by stage depending on the evolving situation.

Belarusians support their Russian brothers but do not forget about Ukrainians either. Belarus President Aleksandr Lukashenko made the statement as he visited a temple in the Saint Elisabeth Convent on 7 January, BelTA has learned. Aleksandr Lukashenko remarked that the Saint Elisabeth Convent had recently collected donations for Russian military personnel fighting on the frontlines and had been criticized by “bought-and-paid-for opposition” because of it.

In late 2017 Belarus President Aleksandr Lukashenko signed the Digital Economy Development Ordinance, thanks to which the Belarusian IT industry was granted unprecedented conditions for development and the Hi-Tech Park, which was established back in 2005, became famous all over the world. “Belarus is turning into a Silicon Valley.

In late 2017 Belarus President Aleksandr Lukashenko signed the Digital Economy Development Ordinance, thanks to which the Belarusian IT industry was granted unprecedented conditions for development and the Hi-Tech Park, which was established back in 2005, became famous all over the world. “Belarus is turning into a Silicon Valley. It is becoming a world center for software development.” This is what The Wall Street Journal and Forbes wrote about the country. “A paradise for programmers.” “Exceptional potential and a far-sighted economic policy,” this is how Eric Gundersen, the founder of the American startup Mapbox, and the former U.S. Secretary of State Michael Pompeo evaluated capabilities of the republic. In the new episode of BelTA's YouTube project After the Fact: Lukashenko's Decisions we will tell you how Belarus became an IT country, will dispel myths about the Hi-Tech Park, and will try to find out what future awaits the Belarusian IT industry after all.

The realization of Union State programs of Belarus and Russia determines a brand new stage of economic integration of the two countries. State Secretary of the Union State of Belarus and Russia Dmitry Mezentsev made the statement as he met with Belarus President Aleksandr Lukashenko, BelTA has learned. At the start of the conversation Dmitry Mezentsev thanked Aleksandr Lukashenko for the attention and support and he and the Russian leader give to the relevant Union State agenda.

There are plans to spend 45% of the state budget on the social sphere. Belarusian First Deputy Finance Minister Dmitry Kiyko made the statement on the air of the TV Belarusian channel STV, BelTA has learned. Dmitry Kiyko said: “The budget will retain social orientation this year. Expenses of social nature will amount to 45% or slightly more than Br27 billion, 17.6% up [from the previous year].” Attention will be paid primarily to the payment of salaries.

Programs of the Union State of Belarus and Russia must not be curtailed, it is necessary to increase their funding. Belarus President Aleksandr Lukashenko made the statement as he met with State Secretary of the Union State of Belarus and Russia Dmitry Mezentsev, BelTA has learned. Aleksandr Lukashenko said: “It is good that this year is beginning with this event. Sincerely speaking, we have to update the agenda of the Union State and begin by summarizing the accomplishments and sketching out future steps.

A law banning LGBT propaganda may appear in Belarus, Chair of the Council of the Republic of the National Assembly Natalya Kochanova said at the meeting of the Council of Elders, BelTA has learned. “The Expert Council under the Council of the Republic is working quite intensively. Today in the first half of the day we discussed three bills that we need to adopt,” said Natalya Kochanova.

The year 2023 has been declared the Year of Peace and Creation in Belarus, BelTA learned from the New Year's Eve address of Belarus President Aleksandr Lukashenko. Aleksandr Lukashenko said: “We declare the next year the Year of Peace and Creation. It corresponds to the spirit of the time and desires of our hearts. I wish peace and goodness to dear Belarus as strongly as you do. I wish goo

Belarus President Aleksandr Lukashenko heard out a report on the state of affairs in the civil engineering industry and wondered how the instruction to simplify the process of construction of various categories of buildings was being fulfilled, BelTA has learned. Starting the conversation about problems concerning the civil engineering industry, Aleksandr Lukashenko stressed: “Nobody needs some chit chat about it. I am interested in the first matter: the simplification of the construction process. You and I had an agreement on it.

Ambassador of Ukraine to Belarus Igor Kizim was summoned to the Belarusian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to receive a strong demarche in connection with the missile incident, Press Secretary of the Belarusian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Anatoly Glaz told reporters, BelTA has learned. “Today, Belarus' air defenses have shot down a Ukrainian S-300 missile over the territory of Belarus.

Belarus can again become a center of negotiations and contribute to peace in Ukraine, Apostolic Nuncio to the Republic of Belarus, Archbishop Ante Jozic said in an interview with the Belarusian STV TV channel on 25 December, BelTA has learned. «This year we celebrated the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the Vatican, the Holy See and Belarus. We are developing good relationship. The Vatican continues to promote this relationship through various projects. Belarus has always been

The Industry Ministry of Belarus has completed all internal procedures to prepare for the signing of an agreement between the governments of Belarus and the Russian Federation on a common industrial policy, BelTA learned from the press service of the Belarusian Industry Ministry. The draft agreement has been approved by the Belarusian government. The Industry Ministry has been authorized to negotiate the draft document.

The number of settlements where Russia and Belarus use national currencies in trade has exceeded 80%, Russian Deputy Minister of Economic Development Dmitry Volvach said at a press conference on 26 December, BelTA has learned. According to Dmitry Volvach, Belarus and Russia are implementing 28 Union State programs that were approved by the Supreme State Council of the Union State in November 2021. When asked about the need for a single currency, he said: “We have not yet fully realized the potential that lies in the development and increase of mutual settlements in national currencies.

Belarusian Ambassador to Russia Dmitry Krutoi has met with recently appointed Ambassador of Mexico to the Russian Federation with concurrent accreditation to Belarus Eduardo Villegas Megias, BelTA learned from the press service of the Belarusian diplomatic mission. “The Belarusian ambassador congratulated the Mexican counterpart on his appointment and stated Belarus' intention to strengthen relations with his country in all areas,” the press service said. The parties discussed the ways to intensify political contacts and praised the constructive development of the dialogue through the relevant friendship groups in the parliaments of Belarus and Mexico.

Famous Belarusian strongman Sergei Zaslavsky has set another national record, BelTA has learned. As he planned, the athlete finished the year 2022 in Minsk with a new achievement in the 85kg weight category, lifting 120 kg. The record was registered by judges of the international category, and now Sergei Zaslavsky has officially become the strongest athlete of Belarus in this weight class.

Chairwoman of the Council of the Republic of the National Assembly of Belarus Natalya Kochanova hosted a meeting to discuss the localization of production of components for motor and bicycle vehicles of Motovelo Plant on 27 December, BelTA learned from the press service of the Belarusian upper house of parliament. Various options for localizing the production of component parts in Belarus were considered using motorcycle and bicycle models as an example. Attending the meeting were members of the government, Minsk authorities, and heads of Belarusian industrial enterprises.

By the end of the year, Belarus' export to Russia might reach a record $22-23 billion, Prime Minister Roman Golovchenko told the Belarus 1 TV channel, BelTA informs. “In January-October, the export to the Russian Federation amounted to $18 billion, which is much more than in all previous years when it was the average of $12-13 billion. I hope that by the end of the year the figure will be about $22-23 billion. This is a huge amount.

The coming 2023 will be the happiest and most successful year, Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko told reporters as he arrived at the CIS informal meeting, BelTA has learned. When asked what 2023 will be like, the president said: «The happiest, the most successful. Don't worry, everything will be fine.» The president was also asked how he was doing before the summit. «I am OK,» Aleksandr Lukashenko replied.

Belarusian Ambassador to Russia Dmitry Krutoi met with Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, head of the CPRF faction in the State Duma Gennady Zyuganov, BelTA learned from the press service of the diplomatic mission. “The parties exchanged opinions on the prospects of Russian-Belarusian relations and integration processes within the Union State, discussed current issues of internal political and foreign policy agenda of the two countries. Special attention was paid to the role of the parliaments in the legislative support of the implementation of 28 Union State programs.

The festive ceremony of the opening of the Ded Moroz Manor took place on 15th December in Grodno. Children from 8 family-type orphanages in Grodno became the first guests of the fairy estate.

The sovereignty and independence of Belarus are inviolable. At the same time, Belarus will never turn against Russia, Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko said at a meeting to review Belarus-Russia cooperation in Minsk, BelTA has learned. Aleksandr Lukashenko noted that after some time has passed since the attempted rebellion in Belarus, it has become obvious that the chosen course for closer cooperation with Russia was right and the measures taken, including the approval of a package of the Union State integration documents, were relevant and well-timed. The head of state noted that none of the Union State programs violates the sovereignty and independence of Belarus and Russia.

The Prosecutor General's Office is finishing the preparation of the first materials for the national courts of Belarus on the genocide of the Belarusian people during the Great Patriotic War, Prosecutor General Andrei Shved told journalists, BelTA has learned. “We are completing the work on the first materials that will be submitted to the national courts of the Republic of Belarus. The Belarusian court will determine the guilt of concrete fascists, even those who died. This way the future generati

There are plans to build about two million square meters of all-electric houses in Belarus over the five-year period, Energy Minister Viktor Karankevich told journalists at the BelTA press center on 19 December. One of the key tasks of the energy sector is to meet the growing demand for electricity of the real sector of the economy and of households. Much attention is paid to the electrification of the housing stock. This work is being carried out in three main directions.

Before the sanctions were imposed against Belarus and Russia, the Russians had no idea what the Belarusians were capable of and how high-tech the country was, Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko said at a meeting to review Belarus-Russia cooperation in Minsk, BelTA has learned. Speaking about the Union State programs, the president stressed that they must be implemented. No program infringes on the sovereignty and independence of Belarus, Aleksandr Lukashenko said. “We must remain strongly committed to our bilateral agreements,” the Belarusian leader said addressing Prime Minister Roman Golovchenko and First Deputy Prime Minister Nikolai Snopkov.

Negotiations with the Russian Federation on the gas price for Belarus for 2023 are ongoing, no final decisions have been made yet, Energy Minister Viktor Karankevich told journalists at the BelTA press center on 19 December. “As part of the work to implement the Union State programs, Belarus had prepared proposals on the gas price for Belarus for 2023 and on the principles of a common gas market of the Union State. These proposals have been repeatedly discussed at the level of experts, representatives of government agencies and authorities. These are sens